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Tuesday, 13 October 2015


B.Com. is very good degree to know commerce and business. With doing b.com., you learn basic to advance accounting, management and different business laws which will be helpful to you in your profession or your business. But for doing B.Com., you have to be sincere and honest. You should read everything relating to your subjects.


Here, I am helping to you. I made following notes for my students of commerce but I think, you all my students and it is my duty to guide you in very simple words. Following notes has been written in very simple language and useful to cover the syllabus of B.Com. 


All these notes are free of cost. You can download it in your ms word file. But, as teacher, it is my request to follow my philosophy. Before, following my philosophy, you can read my philosophy at here. Thanks 


{ Some of notes are in process, soon it will be published}


B.Com Part 1 Notes




Financial Accounting 
Business Mathematics

Business Economics
Business Laws



B.Com Part 2 Notes




Cost Accounting
Management

Corporate Accounting 
Business Environment 


B.Com Part 3 Notes 




Management Accounting
Marketing Mgt.

Income Tax Law
HR Management

Company Law
Foreign Exchange Mgt.
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What is Marketing? (Marketing

Definition)

 

There are a lot of marketing definitions available but the right ones are focused upon the key to marketing success i.e. customers. Following are some of the marketing definitions available.
American Marketing Association defines marketing as:
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved October 2007)
The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) says:
The management process responsible for identifying , anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitability.
Philip Kotler defines marketing as:
Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.
Palmer’s marketing definition is as:
Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organization so that they meet the changing needs of the customer on whom the organization depends.
Dennis Adcock defines marketing as
The right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price.
Dennis adcock, using McCarthy’s Four Ps, defines marketing in a short but realistic way.

The Marketing Concepts

The marketing concept is the philosophy that urges organization to focus on their customers’ needs. Analyzing their needs and making such decisions that satisfy those needs in a better way than competitors.
To have a better understanding of marketing concept, it’s worthwhile to review the other philosophies that once were dominated and are still being practiced by some of the firms.
The Production Concept (Industrial revolution – 1920’s)
The basic idea behind production concept was: The firms will produce what they can produce efficiently. This will ensure enough supply of the products at low-cost and demand will be created by itself.
Production concept prevailed into late 1920s because most of the products being produced were the basic necessities and there was a huge unfulfilled demand for them.
The Sales Concept (1930s)
By early 1930s, competition had increased in production and on the other hand there was less unfulfilled demand. So, all the firms turned towards sales concept. Now the companies were not only producing the product but also sell it to customers through personal selling and advertisement.
There was no concept of need identification, firms were just interested in beating competition by selling more but neglecting customers’ satisfaction. We can call it hard selling.
The Marketing Concept
After World War II, there was a variety of products available in the market and customers having discretionary income could make choices and purchase what really fulfill their needs. In that situation, firms were forced to think about what their customers need , when they need it and how to keep them satisfied which is the Marketing Concept.
The main focus of all the firms turned from hard selling towards Identification of customer needs, making decision to fulfill those need and maintaining long-term relation with customers by satisfying their changing needs. The Marketing concept resulted in a separate marketing department in organization and today we can see many organization have structured themselves as marketing organization where every employee is contributing towards customer satisfaction whether or not he’s a marketing person.
So, The marketing concept totally relies upon marketing research that helps in identification of segments, their sizes, needs, target market and then by using the right ‘Marketing Mix‘, marketing teams makes such decisions that results in customers satisfaction.
After going through the marketing definitions and concepts, the core ideas contained are as follows:
  • The main focal point in marketing is customer needs.
  • In order to maintain long-term relations with customers, future needs have to be identified and predicted.
  • Marketing is not the duty of marketing department only but the everyone in the organization.
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History of Kerala
 
There is no unanimity among historians about the history of ancient Kerala, since so little written accounts exist. Much of the history is cloaked in myths and conjectures. One such myth centres around the legend of Parasurama, the warrior-sage who is regarded as the incarnation of Vishnu . After destroying the Kshathriya kings, goes the legend, the warrior-sage asked an assembly of learned men a way of penance for his past misdeeds.
On being advised to hand over the lands he had conquered to the Brahmins to save his soul from eternal damnation, he readily agreed and sat in penance at Gokarnam, those days considered to be land's end.
There having got boons from Varuna, the God of the Oceans and Bhumidevi, the Goddess of earth, he proceeded to Kanya Kumari (Cape Comorin) and threw his battle axe northwards across the waters. The waters subsided and what was left over was called the land of Parasurama, that is today's Kerala.
Fiction ? Hardly so, since geologists have pointed out that the elevation of Kerala from the sea was the result of some seismic activity, either sudden or gradual. There is also another theory. The rivers of Kerala emptying into the Arabian seas bring down enormous quantities of silt from the hills. The ocean currents transport quantities of sand towards the shore. The coastal portions could well be due to the accumulation of this silt over thousands of years.

Ancient Kerala occupied a unique place in the commercial world. The teak found in the ruins of Ur must certainly have come from the Malabar Coast. This means trade flourished around 3000 BC. Cotton from this region was a favourite in Egypt, the Phoenicians visited the coast of Malabar around the same time to trade in ivory, sandalwood and spices. King Solomon is said to have sent his commercial fleet to Ophir which is said to be somewhere in Southern Kerala.

Muziris (Kodungalloor or Cranganore) was reputed to be the ancient world's greatest trading centre in the East for such highly prized possessions as pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger and other spices. Pliny , the younger is said to have lamented the fact that trade with the East was draining the treasury of Rome ! The trade flourished by ships riding on the monsoon winds from Africa and back to Arabia, from where the overland caravan took the prized items to the markets along the Mediterranean ports.
By common consent among the historians, the earliest inhabitants of Kerala were the Pulayas, Kuravas and Vetas . It is at a much later time that migratory populations from the north subjugated them and ultimately enslaved them, a state to which they were in until the abolition of untouchability in the recent past.
By the beginning of the Christian era, there was a noticeable increase in the influence of the Chera dynasty of across the Western Ghats and into the political and cultural life of ancient Kerala. The armies of the northern empires of the Mauryas could not enter the lands of the Cheras, but Buddhism and Jainism did enter in a big way. But it was the entry of Brahmins from the boundaries of modern day Karnataka which really changed the power structure of Kerala for the next millenium .
From Payyannur in North Kerala, they gradually moved down south and occupied the most fertile lands . By the time the terminal decline of the Cheras started, it coincided with the rise of the Brahmins in Kerala. By the 10th century, they were a powerful entity from Gokurnum (North Kerala ) to the Cape Comorin, divided into 32 Brahmin or 'Namboothiries' communities. Soon thereafter, the Buddhists and the Jains had to beat a retreat from the social landscape of Kerala. These land owning class of Brahmins were well on their way to great wealth and power.To make their sway complete strict segregation between classes of people came into being. In their practice, the caste system of Kerala found no equal anywhere else in the country . The edicts even include what distance a person of lowest caste must keep from the Brahmins, even con sidering the shadow of the persons concerned and avoiding even looking at a Brahmin !
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An Introduction to Indian History

The Indus valley civilization saw its genesis in the holy land now known as India around 2500 BC. The people inhabiting the Indus River valley were thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants later migrated to the south of India. The deterioration of this civilization that developed a culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade can be attributed to ecological changes. The second millennium BC was witness to the migration of the bucolic Aryan tribes from the North West frontier into the sub continent. These tribes gradually merged with their antecedent cultures to give birth to a new milieu.

The Aryan tribes soon started penetrating the east, flourishing along the Ganga and Yamuna Rivers. By 500 BC, the whole of northern India was a civilized land where people had knowledge of iron implements and worked as labor, voluntarily or otherwise. The early political map of India comprised of copious independent states with fluid boundaries, with increasing population and abundance of wealth fueling disputes over these boundaries.
Unified under the famous Gupta Dynasty, the north of India touched the skies as far as administration and the Hindu religion were concerned. Little wonder then, that it is considered to be India’s golden age. By 600 BC, approximately sixteen dynasties ruled the north Indian plains spanning the modern day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. Some of the most powerful of them were the dynasties ruling the kingdoms of Magadha, Kosla, Kuru and Gandhara.
Known to be the land of epics and legends, two of the world’s greatest epics find their birth in Indian settings - the Ramayana, depicting the exploits of lord Ram, and the Mahabharta detailing the war between Kauravas and Pandavas, both descendants of King Bharat. Ramayana traces lord Ram’s journey from exile to the rescue of his wife Sita from the demonic clutches of Ravana with the help of his simian companions. Singing the virtues of Dharma(duty), the Gita, one of the most priced scriptures in Indian Mythology, is the advice given by Shri Krishna to the grief laden Arjun, who is terrified at the thought of killing his kin, on the battle ground. 
Mahatma Gandhi revived these virtues again, breathing new life in them, during India’s freedom struggle against British Colonialism. An ardent believer in communal harmony, he dreamt of a land where all religions would be the threads to form a rich social fabric.
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What are the best small business investment opportunities in Kerala India? What are the best business ideas to start in Kerala? Well, I advice you read on to find out.
Kerala is an Indian state with huge business potential. In recent time, the region has created some of the world’s best properties and marketed some of the world’s best offerings. Tourism remains the major sector in Kerala. According to National Geographic Traveler, Kerala is one of the top 50 destinations of a lifetime and one of the 13 paradises in the world. The region is best known for the incredibly rapid pace at which it grew and attracted worldwide attraction.
The State of Kerala made a total earning of 6 billion rupees from tourism in 1985, but the figure shot to 110 billion rupees in 2009. Also, about 52,000 tourists visited Kerala in 1987, but the figure spiked to about 600,000 in 2009. These staggering figures show that Kerala is a center of huge tourist attraction. As of present, the tourism sector in Kerala attracts about 10 billion rupees investment annually and provides employment to over 1 million people.

  • Investment Opportunities for investors

Because tourism is the mainstay of Kerala, there are huge opportunities for investors in the tourism sector. If you are looking to start a business in Kerala, you have a wide range of options to choose from. But ensure that your chosen business is related directly or indirectly to tourism. So without wasting time, below are the best business opportunities in Kerala:
The emergence of Kerala as one of the world’s most preferred holiday destinations for domestic and international tourists has drastically increased the demand for five-star accommodation. The Government of India has stipulated policies to encourage native and foreign investors to explore the booming opportunities in Kerala. So, building a five star hotel in that region is a smart business move that will bring huge profits in the long term.
There is a booming demand for five-star restaurants in Kerala for the same reason five-star hotels are in huge demand. Of course, throughout the course of their stay, tourists have to eat. And their meals have to be fun. So, they will readily pay to get this necessity. If you have no problems with running a restaurant, here’s a golden opportunity.
3. The Vashiyoram project
This is a project that seeks to provide travelers to Kerala with a mix of high quality services including restaurants, mini shopping centers, rest rooms, paid toilets, and so on. Stakeholders in this project will share from the profits at the end of each year depending on what fraction of the total project is their investment. So, if you have some assets or money, you can contribute to the Vashiyoram project. There are skilled hands to manage the project. So, you have nothing to worry about.
4. Paid toilets
If you are on a low budget, and you want to tap from the “juice” that Kerala extracts from tourists, you can build or erect a mobile toilet and receive payment each time it’s used 

5.Shopping center.
One thing tourists would always do whenever they are on vacation is buy something. They love to buy things that catch their attention and cannot be found in their home locations. So, starting a shopping center – small or big, depending on your budget – is another surefire way to make money off of the tourists that flock Kerala each year.
6. Health tourism
Being one of the most connected Indian states, Kerala promises to make it big on the health tourism sector. Although there are some excellent health facilities in Kerala, especially in Thiruvanathapuram, Kozhikode, and Kochi, more are still needed to meet the booming demands by the ever-increasing tourists. So, if you have a background in healthcare, here lies a good opportunity.
7. Ayurveda
Kerala’s unique selling point in health tourism is the practice of authentic Ayurveda, as most of the reputable Ayuveda institutions are situated in the state; and they have a strong impact on the healthcare of the people. Now, Ayurveda is being rejuvenated and offered as a form ofalternative therapy in the excellent healthcare facilities available in Kerala. And this has increased the interest of tourists in this form of natural medicine. So, there are booming opportunities in Kerala for Ayurveda specialists.
8. Home stays
Many visitors to Kerala prefer home stays to hotels because home stays give them the feel of home miles away from home. Since they are easier to build than hotels, investors consider this option.
When tourists arrive in Kerala, it takes them some time to settle down and adapt to the conditions in the place. These tourists settle down faster and better if they are welcomed and directed by tourist guides. If you know the ins and outs of Kerala, and you love meeting people, you can make a lot of money off tourists by working as a guide in Kerala.
10. Hand-made craftworks
Hand-made works of art symbolize the rich heritage of the people in a country or region. For this reason, they are always unique. Many tourists buy hand-made craftworks when they go on vacation because these artworks serve as mementos. So, if you are a native of Kerala or you have in-depth knowledge of Kerala’s art, here’s a golden opportunity for you.
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https://www.keralatou
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Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala, Park View, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India - 695 033
Phone: +91 471 2321132, Fax: +91 471 2322279, E-mail: info@keralatourism.org, deptour@keralatourism.org. Tourist Information toll free No: 1-800-425-4747. 
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